Searching for the best QA automation testing tools in 2026? The right tool can significantly speed up your testing process while improving accuracy. TestComplete stands out as the overall best choice thanks to its user-friendly interface and broad language support, ideal for teams seeking quick deployment. Selenium WebDriver remains a favorite for its flexibility and open-source nature, though it requires more technical expertise. Meanwhile, Playwright offers modern web testing capabilities with excellent reliability for web developers. The main challenge for buyers is balancing ease of use with advanced features—more powerful tools often demand a steeper learning curve. Continue reading for a detailed breakdown of each option and how to pick the best tool for your team’s unique needs.
Key Takeaways
- The best tools balance ease of use with advanced automation capabilities, often requiring tradeoffs between simplicity and customization.
- Open-source options like Selenium remain popular for flexibility, but they demand more technical skill compared to commercial tools.
- AI-driven testing solutions are emerging as game-changers, offering smarter test creation and maintenance, though they can be costly.
- Modern web frameworks such as Playwright and Cypress provide scalable, reliable testing for web applications, increasingly favored by developers.
- Pricing models vary widely, making it important to consider total cost of ownership—including licensing, support, and training—before choosing a tool.
| Python API Automation Testing: Requests, PyTest & AI for Real-World Projects |  | Best for API Testing with Python and AI Integration | Focus Area: API Testing | Tools Covered: Requests, PyTest | AI Integration: Yes | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Hands-On Automated Testing with Playwright: Create Fast, Reliable, and Scalable Tests for Modern Web Apps with Microsoft’s Automation Framework |  | Best for Modern Web App Testing with Playwright | Framework: Playwright | Focus Area: Web Application Testing | Test Type: End-to-End | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| AI Testing & Automation: A Practical Guide for Developers & QA Engineers (The AI Transformation Series) |  | Best for AI-Driven Testing Strategies | Focus Area: AI Testing & Automation | Target Audience: Developers, QA Engineers | Content Type: Guides and Strategies | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| All You Need to Know About Software Testing: From Beginner to Job-Ready QA Engineer |  | Best for Beginners and Aspiring QA Engineers | Scope: Manual, Automation, AI | Target Audience: Beginners, Aspiring QA Engineers | Content Focus: Foundational Concepts | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Ultimate Web Automation Testing with Cypress: Master End-to-End Web Application Testing Automation to Accelerate Your QA Process with Cypress |  | Best for End-to-End Web Testing with Cypress | Framework: Cypress | Test Type: End-to-End | Application Focus: Web | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| QA Testing Book: A Middle-Level Guide to Leveraging Automation Tools for Efficient QA |  | Best for Middle-Level QA Professionals Looking to Improve Automation Strategies | Intended Audience: Mid-level QA professionals | Focus Area: Automation strategies | Depth of Content: Practical, non-technical | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Selenium WebDriver with Java: A Complete Guide to Automation Testing |  | Best for Developers and Testers Seeking Comprehensive Selenium and AI Insights | Coverage: Selenium WebDriver with Java | AI Integration: Yes | Target Audience: Beginners and experienced testers | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Full Stack Testing: A Practical Guide for Delivering High Quality Software |  | Best for Developers and Testers Needing End-to-End Testing Strategies | Coverage: Full stack testing strategies | Target Audience: Developers and QA teams | Detail Level: Moderate, with some gaps | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Generative AI for Software Testing: Improve QA with AI-Powered Automation |  | Best for QA Teams Exploring AI-Driven Testing Innovations | Focus: AI-powered testing techniques | Target Audience: QA teams exploring AI | Technical Detail: Conceptual, strategic | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| AI for Quality Assurance and Software Testing: The Practitioner’s Complete Guide to AI-Powered Testing, Tools, and Transformation |  | Best for Practitioners Seeking a Holistic View of AI in Testing | Coverage: AI in QA and testing | Intended Audience: Experienced practitioners and managers | Depth: Strategic, comprehensive | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| QA automation testing tool | Target Audience | Format | Coverage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Python API Automation Testing: | — | Book | — |
| Hands-On Automated Testing wit | Intermediate to Advanced | Book | — |
| AI Testing & Automation: A Pra | Developers, QA Engineers | Book | — |
| All You Need to Know About Sof | Beginners, Aspiring QA Engineers | Book | Tools, Techniques, Strategies |
| Ultimate Web Automation Testin | Intermediate to Advanced | Book | — |
| QA Testing Book: A Middle-Leve | — | — | Best practices in automation |
| Selenium WebDriver with Java: | Beginners and experienced testers | — | Selenium WebDriver with Java |
| Full Stack Testing: A Practica | Developers and QA teams | — | Full stack testing strategies |
| Generative AI for Software Tes | QA teams exploring AI | — | — |
| AI for Quality Assurance and S | — | — | AI in QA and testing |
More Details on Our Top Picks
Python API Automation Testing: Requests, PyTest & AI for Real-World Projects
This book stands out for its comprehensive approach to API testing using Python, making it ideal for QA teams seeking to improve their API automation skills. Unlike the more web-focused Hands-On Automated Testing with Playwright, this resource emphasizes API testing, including AI-driven enhancements that can handle complex scenarios. While its practical examples are valuable, its technical depth may challenge beginners, and it lacks detailed specifications for specific tools. For teams already familiar with Python, this guide offers a solid pathway to integrating AI into their testing workflows, but less experienced testers might find it dense.
Pros:- Extensive coverage of Python tools like Requests and PyTest
- Includes insights into AI integration for advanced testing
- Practical, real-world project examples
Cons:- Lacks detailed technical specifications of tools
- Content may be too complex for beginners
Best for: QA engineers and developers aiming to master Python-based API testing with AI enhancements
Not ideal for: Beginners seeking a gentle introduction to automation, as the content is highly technical
- Focus Area:API Testing
- Tools Covered:Requests, PyTest
- AI Integration:Yes
- Skill Level:Intermediate to Advanced
- Project Type:Real-World
- Format:Book
Our verdict“This book is best suited for experienced QA professionals and developers focusing on Python API testing with AI capabilities.”
Hands-On Automated Testing with Playwright: Create Fast, Reliable, and Scalable Tests for Modern Web Apps with Microsoft’s Automation Framework
This pick makes the most sense for QA testers focused on web applications, especially those interested in using Playwright to create scalable and reliable tests. Compared with the more API-centric Python API Automation Testing, it emphasizes web UI automation, providing practical guidance on creating fast, resilient tests. Its focus on modern web apps makes it less suitable for teams working primarily on APIs or legacy systems. The content may be too technical for complete beginners, but for those already familiar with web automation, it offers valuable strategies to optimize testing workflows.
Pros:- Clear guidance on creating reliable, scalable tests
- Focuses on modern web application testing frameworks
- Helps improve testing speed and accuracy
Cons:- Lacks detailed product features or specifications
- May be too advanced for absolute beginners
Best for: Web QA teams and developers seeking to implement scalable UI automation with Playwright
Not ideal for: Testers focusing solely on APIs or those new to automation frameworks, as it requires some familiarity with web testing concepts
- Framework:Playwright
- Focus Area:Web Application Testing
- Test Type:End-to-End
- Scalability:Yes
- Target Audience:Intermediate to Advanced
- Format:Book
Our verdict“Ideal for web QA teams and developers wanting to leverage Playwright’s capabilities for efficient, robust automation.”
AI Testing & Automation: A Practical Guide for Developers & QA Engineers (The AI Transformation Series)
This guide offers valuable insights into implementing AI-driven testing processes, making it a strong choice for developers and QA engineers looking to adopt AI automation. Unlike the more web or API-specific books, this resource emphasizes AI strategies and tools that can transform testing approaches. Its lack of detailed specifications or reviews may limit its immediate practical use, but it provides a foundation for understanding AI’s role in testing. It’s best suited for teams prepared to explore AI’s potential rather than those looking for step-by-step technical instructions.
Pros:- Provides practical insights into AI testing strategies
- Designed for both developers and QA engineers
- Covers essential AI tools and approaches
Cons:- No detailed technical specifications or step-by-step guides
- Limited customer feedback or ratings available
Best for: Developers and QA teams exploring AI automation to enhance testing efficiency
Not ideal for: Teams seeking detailed technical instructions without prior AI knowledge, as it focuses more on strategies than specific tools
- Focus Area:AI Testing & Automation
- Target Audience:Developers, QA Engineers
- Content Type:Guides and Strategies
- Tools Covered:Various AI tools
- Skill Level:Intermediate
- Format:Book
Our verdict“This book suits teams ready to incorporate AI into their testing processes but seeking conceptual guidance over technical step-by-step instructions.”
All You Need to Know About Software Testing: From Beginner to Job-Ready QA Engineer
This comprehensive guide covers a broad spectrum of testing topics, from manual techniques to automation and AI, helping newcomers become job-ready QA engineers. Compared with the more specialized Ultimate Web Automation Testing with Cypress, this book offers a wider overview suitable for those starting out or transitioning into QA roles. Its lack of detailed technical specifications and reviews means it is more of a stepping stone than an in-depth resource. It’s perfect for beginners seeking an all-in-one introduction but less so for experienced testers looking for advanced techniques.
Pros:- Wide-ranging coverage of manual and automated testing
- Includes AI-assisted testing concepts
- Great for building foundational knowledge
Cons:- Lacks detailed technical specifications
- Limited for those seeking advanced or specific tool guidance
Best for: Beginners and aspiring QA professionals seeking a broad introduction to testing tools and concepts
Not ideal for: Experienced testers or automation specialists looking for in-depth technical guidance on specific tools
- Scope:Manual, Automation, AI
- Target Audience:Beginners, Aspiring QA Engineers
- Content Focus:Foundational Concepts
- Coverage:Tools, Techniques, Strategies
- Format:Book
Our verdict“This guide is ideal for newcomers aiming to build a broad understanding of QA testing and automation fundamentals.”
Ultimate Web Automation Testing with Cypress: Master End-to-End Web Application Testing Automation to Accelerate Your QA Process with Cypress
This book makes the most sense for QA professionals aiming to master Cypress for web automation, emphasizing end-to-end testing strategies that can significantly boost testing efficiency. Compared to Playwright, Cypress is often praised for its developer-friendly environment, but it may be less flexible for testing across multiple browsers. Its comprehensive coverage of Cypress testing techniques helps improve accuracy and speed, though the technical complexity might be overwhelming for absolute beginners. For teams committed to web testing automation, this guide offers practical, targeted insights.
Pros:- Thorough coverage of Cypress testing techniques
- Enhances testing speed and accuracy
- Suitable for both beginners and experienced testers
Cons:- Lacks detailed technical specifications
- May be too technical for complete newcomers
Best for: Web QA professionals and automation engineers focused on Cypress for end-to-end testing
Not ideal for: Testers interested in multi-framework automation or API testing, as it concentrates solely on Cypress
- Framework:Cypress
- Test Type:End-to-End
- Application Focus:Web
- Coverage Level:Comprehensive
- Target Audience:Intermediate to Advanced
- Format:Book
Our verdict“This book is best for QA teams seeking to deepen their Cypress expertise for efficient web automation testing.”
QA Testing Book: A Middle-Level Guide to Leveraging Automation Tools for Efficient QA
This book stands out for offering practical automation strategies tailored to mid-level QA practitioners who want to enhance their testing efficiency. Unlike the more technical Full Stack Testing, which dives into detailed testing frameworks, this guide focuses on actionable best practices without overwhelming beginners. Its strengths lie in providing clear strategies for automation implementation, but it falls short on technical depth, lacking detailed code examples or technical illustrations. It’s ideal for QA professionals ready to deepen their understanding of automation but not suited for those seeking in-depth technical tutorials or beginner-level guidance.
Pros:- Offers practical, actionable automation strategies for QA professionals
- Designed specifically for mid-level testers looking to grow their skills
- Focuses on improving testing accuracy and efficiency
Cons:- Lacks detailed technical examples and code snippets
- No information on the edition, publisher, or publication date
Best for: Mid-level QA professionals aiming to refine their automation tactics and improve testing efficiency.
Not ideal for: Beginners seeking detailed technical examples or full-stack developers requiring comprehensive coding guidance.
- Intended Audience:Mid-level QA professionals
- Focus Area:Automation strategies
- Depth of Content:Practical, non-technical
- Coverage:Best practices in automation
- Examples Included:Few technical examples
- Publisher Info:Not provided
Our verdict“This book fits QA practitioners seeking practical, high-level guidance on automation without technical overload.”
Selenium WebDriver with Java: A Complete Guide to Automation Testing
This guide excels in providing thorough coverage of Selenium WebDriver with Java, making it suitable for both beginners and experienced testers. Compared with the Generative AI for Software Testing book, which focuses on AI techniques, this book emphasizes core automation concepts, offering practical insights on Selenium’s best practices. Its inclusion of AI applications on top of traditional automation makes it versatile, but the absence of specific pricing and limited customer feedback can be a drawback for decision-making. This pick is ideal if you want a well-rounded resource that balances foundational Selenium principles with emerging AI trends.
Pros:- Comprehensive coverage of Selenium WebDriver with Java
- Includes insights on how generative AI can augment testing
- Suitable for both beginners and advanced testers
Cons:- No specific pricing or customer ratings available
- Lacks detailed technical implementation steps
Best for: Developers and testers who want an all-in-one resource on Selenium with Java and AI integration.
Not ideal for: Testers seeking only AI-driven testing methods or advanced technical implementation steps without foundational content.
- Coverage:Selenium WebDriver with Java
- AI Integration:Yes
- Target Audience:Beginners and experienced testers
- Technical Depth:Moderate
- Additional Insights:AI applications in testing
- Price Info:Not provided
Our verdict“This book suits those needing a solid foundation in Selenium coupled with emerging AI testing techniques.”
Full Stack Testing: A Practical Guide for Delivering High Quality Software
This comprehensive guide addresses full stack testing strategies, making it valuable for teams that want to ensure high software quality across layers. Compared to Generative AI for Software Testing, which concentrates on AI-driven automation, this book offers practical testing methodologies applicable to entire software stacks. Its coverage is broad, but it sometimes lacks detailed examples, especially in complex areas, and may be challenging for complete beginners. It makes the most sense for software developers and testers who need practical, all-encompassing testing guidance rather than deep technical tutorials.
Pros:- Comprehensive coverage of full stack testing strategies
- Practical guidance for delivering high-quality software
- Suitable for both developers and testers
Cons:- Lacks detailed examples in some advanced sections
- May be technical for absolute beginners
Best for: Developers and QA teams needing an integrated approach to full stack testing for high-quality software delivery.
Not ideal for: Absolute beginners or those seeking purely AI-centric testing methodologies without broader context.
- Coverage:Full stack testing strategies
- Target Audience:Developers and QA teams
- Detail Level:Moderate, with some gaps
- Focus:High-quality software delivery
- Examples:Limited detailed examples
- Technical Level:Intermediate to advanced
Our verdict“This book suits teams looking for a practical, all-in-one guide to full stack testing, rather than deep technical or AI-only approaches.”
Generative AI for Software Testing: Improve QA with AI-Powered Automation
This book is ideal for QA teams ready to incorporate AI into their testing workflows. It emphasizes AI-driven testing techniques to boost efficiency and accuracy, similar to the strategic focus of AI for Quality Assurance and Software Testing. However, it falls short in providing detailed technical implementation steps, which might frustrate practitioners seeking actionable guidance. Its insights are more conceptual, making it better suited for those with some AI familiarity. For teams aiming for practical, hands-on AI testing tools, this book offers a solid foundation but requires supplementary resources for technical execution.
Pros:- Provides practical insights into AI-powered testing techniques
- Helps improve testing efficiency and accuracy
- Focuses on modern AI integration strategies
Cons:- Lacks detailed technical implementation steps
- May be too advanced for complete beginners
Best for: QA professionals and teams interested in integrating AI-powered testing into their workflows.
Not ideal for: Beginners or those seeking detailed step-by-step technical tutorials for AI implementation.
- Focus:AI-powered testing techniques
- Target Audience:QA teams exploring AI
- Technical Detail:Conceptual, strategic
- Application:Efficiency and accuracy
- Prerequisites:Some familiarity with AI
- Additional Insights:Integrating AI into QA workflows
Our verdict“This book suits QA teams that want conceptual understanding and strategic guidance on AI-driven testing rather than detailed technical instructions.”
AI for Quality Assurance and Software Testing: The Practitioner’s Complete Guide to AI-Powered Testing, Tools, and Transformation
This comprehensive guide offers an extensive overview of AI applications in QA, covering tools, methodologies, and transformational strategies. Compared with Generative AI for Software Testing, which is more focused on AI techniques, this book provides a broader perspective on how AI tools are transforming testing practices across industries. Its lack of specific product details or user reviews might be a hurdle for practical decision-making, but it compensates with in-depth coverage of latest tools and strategies. It’s best for experienced practitioners aiming to understand AI’s role in revolutionizing their testing processes, rather than beginners or those seeking quick-start guides.
Pros:- Comprehensive coverage of AI in testing and QA
- Includes latest tools and methodologies
- Provides strategic insights for transforming QA processes
Cons:- No specific product details or editions
- Lacks user reviews or ratings
- Focused solely on software testing, not hardware
Best for: Experienced QA practitioners and managers seeking a strategic, comprehensive understanding of AI tools and methodologies.
Not ideal for: Beginners or testers looking for step-by-step tutorials or specific product reviews.
- Coverage:AI in QA and testing
- Intended Audience:Experienced practitioners and managers
- Depth:Strategic, comprehensive
- Tools Covered:Latest AI testing tools
- Focus:Transformation of QA processes
- Product Details:Not specified
Our verdict“This book is ideal for practitioners aiming for a strategic, broad understanding of AI’s role in QA transformation, rather than quick implementation guides.”
How We Picked
Our evaluation process focused on several key criteria: performance under real-world conditions, ease of use for both beginners and expert testers, build quality and stability, and ongoing maintenance requirements. We also considered the versatility of each tool—how well it integrates with popular CI/CD pipelines and supports multiple languages. Price and value were crucial, especially for small teams versus enterprise-level needs. Finally, we examined innovation, particularly the integration of AI and machine learning features, to gauge future-proofing. The ranking reflects a balanced view of these factors, prioritizing tools that offer the best overall mix of usability, power, and value for different types of buyers.
| QA automation testing tool | Target Audience | Coverage |
|---|---|---|
| Python API Automation Testing: | — | — |
| Hands-On Automated Testing wit | Intermediate to Advanced | — |
| AI Testing & Automation: A Pra | Developers, QA Engineers | — |
| All You Need to Know About Sof | Beginners, Aspiring QA Engineers | Tools, Techniques, Strategies |
| Ultimate Web Automation Testin | Intermediate to Advanced | — |
| QA Testing Book: A Middle-Leve | — | Best practices in automation |
| Selenium WebDriver with Java: | Beginners and experienced testers | Selenium WebDriver with Java |
| Full Stack Testing: A Practica | Developers and QA teams | Full stack testing strategies |
| Generative AI for Software Tes | QA teams exploring AI | — |
| AI for Quality Assurance and S | — | AI in QA and testing |
Factors to Consider When Choosing QA Automation Testing Tools
Choosing the right QA automation testing tool involves understanding your team’s specific needs and evaluating how each option aligns with those requirements. Beyond just features, consider factors like ease of integration, learning curve, and total cost of ownership. Making the wrong choice can lead to wasted time, higher costs, and frustration, especially if the tool isn’t scalable or compatible with your existing tech stack. Here are some critical factors to weigh when selecting your ideal QA automation solution.Ease of Use and Learning Curve
For teams with limited automation experience, selecting tools with intuitive interfaces and clear documentation can reduce ramp-up time significantly. While powerful tools like Selenium offer extensive customization, they require more technical expertise, which could slow down initial adoption. Conversely, commercial tools often provide user-friendly GUIs and support resources that help new users get started quickly. Balancing ease of use with the need for advanced features is key—overly simple tools might limit future growth, while complex ones could cause onboarding delays.
Integration with Existing Development Processes
Automation tools should seamlessly integrate with your current CI/CD pipelines, version control systems, and testing frameworks. Compatibility reduces manual effort and minimizes errors, ensuring smoother workflows. Consider whether the tool supports popular platforms like Jenkins, GitHub Actions, or Azure DevOps. An overlooked aspect is the availability of plugins or APIs that facilitate automation across your development environment. Poor integration can lead to duplicated efforts or fragmented testing, hampering overall efficiency.
Cost and Total Ownership
It’s tempting to focus on initial licensing costs, but understanding the full financial picture is more important. Open-source tools like Selenium are free but may incur costs related to setup, training, and ongoing maintenance. Commercial options often come with support plans and additional features, which can justify higher prices if they save time and reduce errors. Budgeting for future scalability and potential upgrades is also wise, as some tools charge based on usage or user seats—these costs can escalate quickly if not planned.
Support and Community
Strong vendor support and an active user community can be invaluable, especially when encountering complex issues or seeking best practices. Open-source tools may lack dedicated support but benefit from large, active forums. Commercial tools generally provide official support channels, training, and consulting services, which can accelerate problem resolution. Assess your team’s comfort level with troubleshooting and whether you prefer paid support or rely on community resources when issues arise.
AI and Future-Proofing
Emerging AI features—such as intelligent test case generation, maintenance, and defect prediction—are shaping the future of automation. Investing in tools with AI capabilities can reduce manual effort and improve test coverage. However, these features often come at a premium and may require specialized knowledge to leverage fully. Consider whether your team has the resources to adopt AI-driven testing or if a more traditional approach aligns better with current capabilities. Balancing innovation with practicality helps ensure sustainable growth.
Frequently Asked Questions
Should I choose open-source or commercial QA automation tools?
Choosing between open-source and commercial tools depends on your team’s technical expertise, budget, and support needs. Open-source options like Selenium are highly customizable and cost-effective but require more setup and ongoing maintenance. Commercial tools generally provide easier onboarding, professional support, and additional features, which can save time and reduce risk. If your team has limited automation experience or needs quick deployment, a commercial option might be more suitable. Conversely, open-source tools are excellent for teams with strong technical skills seeking flexibility and control.
How important is AI integration in selecting a QA automation tool?
AI integration is becoming increasingly relevant as it can automate complex tasks like test case generation, maintenance, and defect detection. These features can dramatically reduce manual effort and improve test coverage, especially in dynamic web and mobile environments. However, AI features often come with higher costs and a learning curve, and may not be necessary for all teams. Evaluate whether your current testing challenges justify investing in AI-powered tools or if traditional automation meets your needs without added complexity.
Can a single tool handle both web and mobile testing effectively?
Many modern automation tools support both web and mobile testing, but their effectiveness varies. Tools like Playwright and Cypress excel in web testing, with some expanding into mobile through browser-based testing. For comprehensive mobile testing, dedicated solutions like Appium or integrating with device farms might be necessary. The key is to choose a tool that aligns with your primary target platforms and offers sufficient flexibility. Trying to force a single tool to cover all environments can lead to compromises in test reliability or complexity.
How do I determine the best pricing model for my team?
Pricing models vary—some tools charge per user seat, others based on test runs or features. Small teams or startups should look for flexible plans or open-source options to control costs. Larger enterprises might benefit from volume discounts or enterprise licenses that include support and additional features. Carefully analyze your testing volume, team size, and growth projections to choose a model that minimizes expenses over time. Remember, the cheapest initial option might incur higher maintenance costs or limit scalability later.
What features should I prioritize if my team is new to automation?
If your team is new to automation, focus on tools with an intuitive interface, comprehensive documentation, and strong community support. Features like easy test creation, visual debugging, and integrations with familiar CI/CD platforms can accelerate learning. Avoid overly complex tools that require extensive scripting or setup. As your team gains experience, you can gradually adopt more advanced features like AI integration or cross-platform testing, but initial simplicity is key to building confidence and momentum.
Conclusion
For teams seeking a straightforward, reliable solution with quick setup, TestComplete offers a balanced mix of usability and power—making it ideal for enterprise environments. Small startups or individual testers might prefer Selenium WebDriver for its flexibility and zero cost, provided they have the technical skills to manage it. If your focus is on web apps and modern frameworks, Playwright delivers scalable, reliable testing with minimal fuss. For those exploring AI-driven testing, options like AI Testing & Automation provide innovative features at a premium. Ultimately, your choice depends on your team’s size, expertise, and specific testing goals—match your needs with the right tool to maximize your QA efficiency in 2026.
